Tuesday, April 30, 2013

Permutations and Combinations - A few questions



1)      How many 4-letter words with or without meaning can be formed out of the letters of the word, ‘LOGARITHMS’, if repetition of words is not allowed?
a)      40
b)      400
c)      5040
d)     2520
e)      None of these
2)      How many words with or without meaning can be formed by using all letters of the word ‘DELHI’, using each letter exactly once?
a)      10
b)      25
c)      60
d)     720
e)      120
3)      In how many ways can the letters of the word ‘LEADER’ be arranged?
a)      72
b)      720
c)      360
d)     120
e)      None of these
4)      Value of 0! is
a)      0
b)      1
c)      Infinity
d)     Cannot be Determined
e)      None of these
5)      A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls, and 4 red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be drawn from the box in such a way that at least one black ball is included in each draw?
a)      32
b)      48
c)      64
d)     96
e)      None of these
6)      A bag contains 4 green balls and 5 red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be drawn form the box in such a way that the selection contains a maximum of 2 green balls?
a)      10
b)      84
c)      74
d)     80
e)      None of these
7)      There are 5 girls and 4 boys. In many ways can they be arranged into a group of four such that each group contains at least 1 boy and at most 3 boys?
a)      84
b)      120
c)      16
d)     Cannot be determined
e)      None of these
8)      How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from the digits 2,3,5,6,7 and 9 which are divisible by 5 and none of the digits repeated?
a)      5
b)      10
c)      15
d)     20
e)      None of these
9)      In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘BANKING’ be arranged so that the vowels always come together?
a)      120
b)      240
c)      360
d)     540
e)      720
10)  In how many ways can can a group of 5 men and 2 women be made out of a total of 7 men and 3 women?
a)      63
b)      90
c)      126
d)     45
e)      135
11)  From a group of 7 men and 6 women, five persons are to be selected to form a committee so that at least 3 men are there on the committee. In how many ways can it be done?
a)      564
b)      645
c)      735
d)     756
e)      None of these
12)  In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘RUMOUR’ be arranged?
a)      180
b)      90
c)      30
d)     720
e)      None of these
13)  How many words can be formed using a;l; the letters of the word ‘ALLAHABAD’?
a)      3780
b)      1890
c)      7560
d)     2520
e)      None of these
14)  In gow many different ways can the letters of the word ‘MATHEMATICS’ be arranged so that the vowels always come together?
a)      10080
b)      4989600
c)      120960
d)     3628800
e)      None of these
15)  Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can be formed?
a)      210
b)      1050
c)      25200
d)     21400
e)      None of these


Permutations and Combinations - Some useful Formulae



·  Factorial Notation:
Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as:
n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.
Examples:
       i.            We define 0! = 1.
     ii.            4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.
  iii.            5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.
·  Permutations:
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called permutations.
Examples:
       i.            All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time are (ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).
     ii.            All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)
·  Number of Permutations:
Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
nPr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =
n!
(n - r)!
Examples:
       i.            6P2 = (6 x 5) = 30.
     ii.            7P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.
  iii.            Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!.



·  An Important Result:
If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =
n!
(p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)
·  Combinations:
Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of objects is called a combination.
Examples:
1.     Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are AB, BC and CA.
Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.
2.     All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.
3.     The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is abc.
4.     Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are:
AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.
5.     Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same combination.
·  Number of Combinations:
The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
nCr =
n!
=
n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors
.
(r!)(n - r!)
r!

Note:
       i.            nCn = 1 and nC0 = 1.
     ii.            nCr = nC(n - r)

Examples:
i.   11C4 =
(11 x 10 x 9 x 8)
= 330.
(4 x 3 x 2 x 1)

ii.   16C13 = 16C(16 - 13) = 16C3 =
16 x 15 x 14
=
16 x 15 x 14
= 560.
3!
3 x 2 x 1